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Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Book Review-How Learning Works 7 Research Based Principles for Smart Teaching. Ambrose, Bridges, DiPietro, Lovett, and Norman


This book is a part of a series from Jossy-Bass Higher and Adult Education series. I bought it on the recommendation of the learning resources center staff. They presented parts of the material during their new staff orientation.

I had two intentions, one was to have some resources at my disposal for the latest pedagogical theories to help my teaching and I also wanted to learn about these research based principles to help my coaching.

The structure of the book is straightforward, the introduction laid out the seven principles and stated their purpose: to bridge the research and teaching practices. The succeeding seven chapters laid out the seven principles, gave scenarios for the readers to digest and analyze. They discussed the theory and experimental results that supports each argument within the principles. The last section is a conclusion that reiterates the principles to close out the book. They have also included the eight tools that they have cited in the body of the book in the appendices to help the reader learn more about the implementation and pitfalls associated with these tools.

I found the presentations workmanlike, which is as intended. The idea is to present the principles cogently and logically, even though the topics that are covered are anything but coldly rational.
I was personally very interested in how students develop mastery and how they can become self-directed learners. Those two chapters drew me in when I first looked at the table of contents. As I read the book in the sequences presented by the author I was drawn into other principles, specifically, the chapters on how the student’s prior knowledge affected their learning and how they organized their knowledge made them look at the knowledge that they are accruing really made me think about those topics. I knew that those topics affect the students learning but I was not clever enough to see how teachers can incorporate tools to help the students deal with their lack of prior knowledge and how much the knowledge organization affect their learning process. Indeed, I started to think about my own learning process, and how ineffective some of my learning habits are, and yet I continue to persist in pursuing the same methods.  I am changing my ways in response to that lesson.
The chapter on how the practice and the kind of feedback help the student to learn is enlightening because it gives me ideas on how to change my usual teaching tools to make the experience more productive for my students. The feedback topic is an important one and it is here that I received a lot of reassurance that the feedback skills that I have employed in my teaching and coaching are good practices and that my instincts were good ones. I did also profit from gaining more understanding of how feedback can be used.

The chapter on motivation and course climate were difficult ones for me, I took for granted that the motivation for the students are their responsibilities, that they were taking the class or playing on a team for a reason, that they were thusly motivated and I would have something to do with that, but not a lot. I am still a bit skeptical. I feel that motivation should be a personal decision, while I, as the teacher, can help them get more motivated by being a great teacher and being fair in my assessment of their abilities, I didn’t feel that I can make that much difference in how they are motivated. I am still dubious.

On the topic of the course climate, I can see where this chapter would be very useful and very pertinent in a social science class. I am in engineering so that we don’t have too much social discussions. I do see where the social climate of a class can make or break the classroom success of the students by how the class interacts socially and the kind of expectations that they the students and me the teacher would have due to the social constructs, societal norms  and stereotypes that are realities in our society. Those issues really speak to the kind of person the teachers are and how their root beliefs guide them in their daily interaction with the students. Knowing that the effect on the students is an important part of opening the teacher’s eyes to the reality that they face but I m dubious about how they can transform their teaching according to this principle without completely changing their world view.

I will be referring back to this book often as I go forth in continuation of my teaching career. The principles are somewhat commonsensical, which makes it so much more acceptable.  The no-nonsense layout of the arguments and methods are very welcome. The magical thing about the book is that it gives practical advice while also providing the readers with enough untethered hooks to hang onto intellectually so that they are challenged. This gives the readers some degrees of freedom to reflect on the ideas and allows them to progress the principles forward in their own ways.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Thanksgiving-Why It is My Favorite Holiday


People are surprised when I tell them that Thanksgiving is by far my favorite North American holiday, while I cannot truly explain my affinity for the holiday myself, I have a slew of clues from my life which does explain it: Fall is my favorite season, I love the change in weather, the sharp smell of Autumn, the turning of the leaves, the transition from light clothing to sweaters and coats all contribute to my passion for the holiday.

The legacies from this nation’s agrarian legacies which inspired the holiday appeals to the nostalgia, the transition that we go through between harvest and dormancy marks the end of one activity and the beginning of another, seeing the landscape morph from growing season to harvesting, it is a reminder from nature to observe the cyclical nature of our lives. I am drawn to the idea that after a long growing season, it is time to hibernate and rest in order to replenish ourselves as the deep dark of Winter envelopes us. Finally, there is also the tradition of the food, delicious of course but also substantial, comforting, , traditional, sustaining, and most importantly, communal.

While all those reasons are good ones, it still doesn’t explain why I am so enamored with the Thanksgiving season. So much so that I have come to resent the disappearance of Thanksgiving in our annual rituals as the hegemony of Halloween and Christmas encroaches on the Thanksgiving season.

So, I decided to look in my past to see just how Thanksgiving came to be so important in my psyche.
I came to this country as an immigrant bewildered by the American cultural habits and traditions. The strangeness, in my 13-year-old Chinese eyes, of the America of the 1970’s bewildered me and swallowed me up as nothing else has before or since. You would think that my previous experience with massive personal, social, physical, and habitual changes that had rocked my world would prepare me for the move to North America: I had moved from Taiwan, a country that I had known all of my life up until then, having been born there; to Honduras, a small Central American country that was different in just about every single aspect of my existence up to that point. I had to learn two languages: Spanish, because we were in Hispano-America, and English, because I was enrolled in the American School of Tegucigalpa. The school was where I first encountered the idea of Thanksgiving from my teachers, many of the faculty in the elementary school were Peace Corp volunteers from the US and they, being homesick, had made a great impression on us by enthusiastically introducing the traditions of Thanksgiving to us children.

The move from Honduras to Denver Colorado once again exploded my world, after having had it merely rocked a short four years earlier when I left Taiwan. Denver, was a state of mind that is completely alien to my nascent teenage mind. The foreignness of being plucked from the tropics and Hispanic culture of Honduras and being dropped in the wild west ethos of Denver was especially disorienting, especially after having done the same thing just four years earlier.
We moved to a modest ranch house on South Steele Street in the Denver suburb of Littleton. A yellow brick house with a seemingly endlessly large and verdant lawn, which I was responsible for, and two houses down from the back gate to Peabody Elementary school, my playground for the next few years. The turbulence of all the moving was assuaged by the promise of the normality that the suburbia experience engendered, this was where I was able to dampen the turbulence resulting from my two physical moves.

Our first Thanksgiving was spent in the home of my father’s colleague, who was the main reason we moved to Denver in the first place; he had vouched for my father’s skills as an engineer and had guided my family through the process of coming to America. We had stayed in his basement for a few weeks after we had arrived. I don’t remember the meal per se, but I do remember the familial warmth that was in abundance throughout the time spent in that house, that was officially our first Thanksgiving, ever. The profound meaning and resonance of Thanksgiving which would later grow to be my favorite holiday was just germinating at that time.  

A year later, my mom would preside over her own Thanksgiving feast, reciprocating the kindness of our new American friends by hosting newly immigrated Chinese families at our home. I vividly remember my mother endlessly worrying about her lack of experience in cooking the massive turkey that she had bought. She called our friend’s mother-in-law incessantly for two days straight trying to force-feed all the time garnered experience and knowledge from the poor lady through the phonelines. Our friend’s mother-in-law was pretty no-nonsense, but also incredibly patient. In the end, the meal was an unqualified success, a few things I remember was that my mom had substituted Chinese gluttonous rice for the dressing, we are Chinese after all; the lady had taught mom to use bacon slices to cover the joints where the legs and wings are attached to prevent the skin from breaking when it shrank, because I got to eat all that bacon; and the pride and relief on my mother’s face when my dad brought out the platter of turkey to the table as our new Chinese immigrant friends oohed and aahed over the spectacle,  she positively beamed with pride. I also remember that the pumpkin pies were store bought, she wasn’t that adventurous.

As I entered high school, our family became the elder statemen of the immigrant Chinese families, my parents became friendly with many new arrivals, most were younger professionals and we took turns hosting the big Thanksgiving feast. My parent organized the parties, giving each family their assignments on what to bring: tables, chairs, plates, and utensils, as well as the cornucopia of dishes of the feast. While we hewed to the American Thanksgiving tradition: we always had turkey; we always had pumpkin pie, sometimes homemade, sometimes not; we always had some semblance of American dressing along with all the Chinese dishes that made up our potluck meal, new traditions were being born from the ingenuity of our group. It became our own contribution to the traditions of our new home.

My first Thanksgiving away from home came in my freshman year of college. I moved to Champaign-Urbana to matriculate and I met up with a group of men, boy’s back then, that I am proud to still call my friends. I spent that Thanksgiving in the home of my new roommate Scot in Bensenville, a suburb of Chicago. It was just his family and I, but it made me feel whole after having gone through the emotional upheaval of not being able to go home to see my parents. It was a wonderful reminder of what friendship is and what friendship should mean, remember that I have known Scot for all of three months. From a culinary standpoint, I was also introduced to the wonders of pumpkin bread by Scot’s mom.  I remember being really excited that she sent a bunch of the pumpkin bread back to the dorms with us.

The day after the feast at Scot’s home, my gang of cohorts took me out on the town in Chicago, my first taste of the City of Big Shoulders. We visited the Museum of Science and Industry, had Pizza at the original Uno’s, ran around Marshall Fields looking for Santa, and saw the Rocky Horror Picture Show at the Biograph theater, where John Dillinger was shot. Again, I have known these guys for three months, and they decided to dedicate a day to showing me their town, to share their friendship with me, to cultivate a relationship with me. It was the best of times, period.  It was also in Chicago that Thanksgiving where I was introduced to the magical tradition of It’s A Wonderful Life by my friend Marty. This reinforced special quality of the humanity that I have associated with Thanksgiving since then. It is true that movies like that are designed to be emotionally manipulative, but there are times that I willingly submit to emotional manipulations, because it is good to feel wanted. In retrospect I was happily surprised by the comradery coming from these guys that I have known for a scant three months. We have been lifelong friends, and my emotional attachment to them, at least in my mind,  came partially from that Thanksgiving.

Spending time alone on Thanksgiving is de rigueur for gradual students. It is a longish break where we are freed of classes, both taking them and teaching them; it is too short of a time to be homeward bound and it provides a nice respite from the rigors of gradual school. The first Thanksgiving I spent as a master’s student was pretty abysmal, which further reinforced the special place that Thanksgiving held in my mind. It was my first year in Atlanta, I had just been there for less than a year, I was self-funded which meant that I did not have a built in social circle that was centered around graduate assistants, those indentured and traditionally inexpensive workers who have an office, however meager, where they could establish a social network. I had to run furtively between classes, never having a way station to drop off books and to sit and rest, it was socially isolating. Thanksgiving that year was spent alone, sitting in my tiny apartment, a repurposed dentist examination room in a professional building just blocks from the Georgia Tech campus. I spent almost my entire break there, reading and doing my work. My Thanksgiving dinner was at The Varsity, an Atlanta and Georgia Tech dining institution. I do remember having a Frosty Orange and onion rings. I am not sure if I had the hot dog or the hamburger. It was melancholy at best.

The next year however, I had attained the status of a teaching assistant once I became a PhD student, I was happily ensconced in a bullpen office and I was surrounded by people, actual, living, interesting people. What was once my reality, which was akin to living in Plato’s cave, became a reality of a person who had surfaced from the captivity of the cave and was exposed to the reality that was colorful, alive, and three dimensional. It was that year that we all decided that we needed to spend Thanksgiving together. My newly found friend Yogi had become gainfully employed in Washington DC and had offered his luxurious one-bedroom apartment as a flophouse for the bunch of us to use as a way-station on our visit. We planned on a widely anticipated tourist trip to the nation’s capital, hitting all the hotspots. We rented a couple of cars and we happily drove to DC and set to work cooking a meal that was fit for kings. We worked assiduously on our meal, the food tasted scrumptious because it’s flavor was powerfully enhanced by a communal spirit that permeated the gathering, it was appreciated by all. For a historical landmark, we saw the Doug Flutie hail Mary pass that gave Boston College its improbable defeat of Miami.

As time wore on, I spent most of my Thanksgivings in my gradual school toils. Dining alone in less than holiday fashion stopped being so depressing as I got used to the feeling, and I even looked forward to spending alone time away from the maddening crowd, a trait most common amongst the introverts. One year a fellow gradual student and his wife decided that they wanted to have a good old-fashioned Thanksgiving, with many people and celebrate the spirit of friendship, gratitude, and hospitality. They were living in married student housing, a concrete pile optimistically painted in vibrant colors in order to dispel the gloom of the 1970’s architectural excesses. They posted notices all around the compound, invited fellow gradual students from the office who had nowhere else to go and the party was on. My friend and his wife splurged on a turkey and they cooked it, everyone else came with a covered dish. Since this was a gradual student happening, the menu was overwhelmingly non-American. We did have some of the usual Thanksgiving staples, but the tables were groaning under the weight of dishes from Hong King, China, Japan, Korea, India, Lebanon, Egypt, Iceland, France, Germany, Mexico, Venezuela, et. Al. It was a United Nations of food. There was a certain cache of libations as well: Black Death from Iceland, soju from Korea, arak from Lebanon, mao-tai from China, and… well, you get the idea. Kids played, adults laughed and talked about our experiences in America; we tried to explain American football, Detroit Lions, and the Dallas Cowboys to our friends, we threw the football around, or we tried to, as electrical engineering gradual students don’t tend to do that very well, I was surprised that we even had a football. It made our shared experience as scholars that much more pleasant. We made future friends, we helped each other deal with our collective loneliness, we gave each other a small piece of ourselves and our cultures, and we had an exceptional meal.

All the experiences that I have related here, had enforced my personal belief that Thanksgiving is by far my most cherished and favorite holiday, far outdistancing Christmas. The graciousness shown by the lady who taught my mom how to make the turkey; the generosity that my father’s colleague had shown our family by inviting us to his home and table; the bonding of the many in a foreign society; the kindness and friendship that my cohorts in college and grad school had shown me and anyone who participated in those special celebrations; the gratitude that everyone experienced because of the generous nature of strangers who decided to live the spirit of Thanksgiving rather than just spend their days in a tryptophan induced coma while sitting in front of the television watching really bad football. Even the dark days of living alone in a squalid gradual student dump while dining on The Varsity’s fare, served to reinforce and renew my faith in the sanctity of the holiday.

Today, the Thanksgiving holiday is suffering, as I have said previously, from the hegemony of other holidays as well as the criminal and genocidal practices of the people who were at the center of the Thanksgiving mythology. Thanksgiving did not become a holiday until 1863, during Abraham Lincoln’s term. The mythology of the pilgrims and the native Americans which saved their lives was just that, a mythology. Indeed, what the descendants of the pilgrims did to the native American descendants in the name of religion and self-serving interests is absolutely criminal. As a result, there is a call to not observe Thanksgiving, which I think is unfortunate. This would obviate all of the reasons that I have listed as being the driving motivation for my own love of the event, indeed it would also serve the purposes of the commerce minded descendants of the pilgrims and allow Halloween roll straight into Christmas.

In the end, it isn’t the fictional mythology surrounding Thanksgiving or the trite stories of the pilgrims and the native Americans breaking bread together. In the end, it is the people who you choose spend time with: to express gratitude for all that we have, to mark the cycles of life as it flows inexorably onward, to reflect and ruminate upon life, friendship, spirit of the community, and amity, which makes it special.

It wasn’t until much later in my life that I found a piece of writing that profoundly encapsulated the spirit of Thanksgiving in my mind. Ironically it was a Thanksgiving Proclamation written by Governor Wilbur Cross of Connecticut in 1936 which gave the best, most concise, and most profound statement about Thanksgiving for me.

Here it is.
Time out of mind at this turn of the seasons when the hardy oak leaves rustle in the wind and the frost gives a tang to the air and the dusk falls early and the friendly evenings lengthen under the heel of Orion, it has seemed good to our people to join together in praising the Creator and Preserver, who has brought us by a way that we did not know to the end of another year. In observance of this custom, I appoint Thursday, the twenty-sixth of November, as a day of Public Thanksgiving for the blessings that have been our common lot and have placed our beloved State with the favored regions of earth – for all the creature comforts: the yield of the soil that has fed us and the richer yield from labor of every kind that has sustained our lives – and for all those things, as dear as breath to the body, that quicken man’s faith in his manhood, that nourish and strengthen his spirit to do the great work still before him: for the brotherly word and act; for honor held above price; for steadfast courage and zeal in the long, long search after truth; for liberty and for justice freely granted by each to his fellow and so as freely enjoyed; and for the crowning glory and mercy of peace upon our land; – that we may humbly take heart of these blessings as we gather once again with solemn and festive rites to keep our Harvest Home.
Given under my hand and seal of the State at the Capitol, in Hartford, this twelfth day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and thirty six and of the independence of the United State [sic] the one hundred and sixty-first.
Wilbur L. Cross

I wish you all a most happy, meaningful, and delicious Thanksgiving.